Wednesday, May 27, 2009
Causes
Causes of throat cancer
Throat cancer occurs when cells in your throat develop genetic mutations. These mutations cause cells to grow uncontrollably and continue living after healthy cells would normally die. The accumulating cells can form a tumor in your throat.
It's not clear what causes the mutation that causes throat cancer. But doctors have identified factors that may increase your risk.
Tuesday, May 19, 2009
types
Throat cancer is a general term that applies to cancer that develops in the throat (pharyngeal cancer) or in the voice box (laryngeal cancer). The throat and the voice box are closely connected, with the voice box sitting just below the throat. More specific terms to describe the types of throat cancer include:- Nasopharyngeal cancer begins in the nasopharynx — the part of your throat just behind your nose.
- Oropharyngeal cancer begins in the oropharynx — the part of your throat that is right behind your mouth.
- Hypopharyngeal cancer (laryngopharyngeal cancer) begins in the hypopharynx (laryngopharynx) — the lower part of your throat, just above your esophagus and windpipe.
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- Glottic cancer begins in the vocal cords.
- Supraglottic cancer begins in the upper portion of the larynx and includes cancer that affects the epiglottis, which is a piece of cartilage that blocks food from going into your windpipe.
- Subglottic cancer begins in the lower portion of your voice box, below your vocal cords.
Sunday, May 17, 2009
Your throat is a 5-inch-long muscular tube that begins behind your nose and ends in your neck. Your voice box sits just below your throat and is also susceptible to throat cancer. The voice box is made of cartilage and contains the vocal cords that vibrate to make sound when you talk. Throat cancer can also affect the piece of cartilage (epiglottis) that acts as a lid for your windpipe.The American Cancer Society estimates that about 24,000 people in the United States are diagnosed with throat cancer each year. About half of those throat cancers occur in the pharynx, with the rest occurring in the larynx.
Saturday, May 16, 2009
Transformers Episode 6: Divide and Conquer
Optimus heads back to Autobot headquarters for repairs, while Megatron dispatches Laserbeak to sneak into their base and finish Prime off. While Optimus lay on the operating table, Laserbeak attacks and fries Prime’s torso circuits. Laserbeak escapes and the Autobots are left uncertain what to do. Optimus Prime’s cosmotron, an essential piece of circuitry, has been destroyed. The only other one is in Wheeljack’s workshop on Cybertron, but to make matters worse, the Decepticons have sealed it up with a high-tech lock.
A troop of Autobots, along with computer-wizard Chip Chase, head to Cybertron via the Decepticon spacebridge to get the cosmotron. After securing the device, a group of Decepticon jets immobilizes them with an acid-rainstorm. Chip inspires the Autobots to fight back and they escape to the spacebridge. Back on earth, Megatron and his forces attack the Autobot base and do a number on the leaderless good guys. As they stand victorious, Chip and Bumblebee arrive with the cosmotron. A repaired Optimus Prime emerges from the base and cleans Megatron’s clock. Starscream is amused over Megatron’s defeat, questions his leadership and the Decepticons retreat.
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Transformers Episode 5: Roll for It
Bumblebee escorts Spike and his pal, Chip Chase, to the aforementioned laboratory. However, on their way in, Reflector steals the security access code and reports back to Megatron. Inside the lab, Chip is greeted by his employer, Dr. Alcazar. As it turns out, Chip is a boy-genius helping the doctor to create anti-matter. Dr. Alcazar gives Chip a disk to take home so he can work with the lab database via the internet. As they leave, they are attacked by Laserbeak but manage to escape.
Meanwhile, Prowl and Bluestreak have tracked Starscream and his gang to a jet hanger where they were using parts to repair themselves. Prowl is damaged in battle and has to go online and search for someone to command him via remote. Chip answers the call and successfully commands Prowl to a victory. Starscream and the others retreat, while Megatron and the other Decepticons invade Dr. Alcazar’s lab. Dr. Alcazar erases the formula from the hard drive before the bad guys can get to it, but Megatron traces a signal back to Chip’s house. Soundwave goes to retrieve the info, but before Ravage can get it, Chip destroys the diskette. Soundwave kidnaps Chip and takes him back to the lab.
Soundwave uses his mind-reading skills to extract the anti-matter formula from Chip’s brain. Mirage, Hound and Bumblebee manage to infiltrate the lab and rescue Chip. The Autobots move in to attack but are quickly defeated by Megatron’s newly-created anti-matter.
The Autobots return to base for repairs, and shortly after that, Megatron, powered by anti-matter, attacks. Megatron transforms to gun-mode and blows all the Autobots away. Wheeljack devises a computer-override device with Chip’s help, and along with Spike, the pair of humans attach it to Skywarp (who is holding Megatron). Skywarp begins shooting at his fellow Decepticons before Megatron transforms back to robot mode. Unfortunately for him, the anti-matter in his chest reaches ignition temperature and he has to remove it. The Decepticons, wounded, retreat back to headquarters as the Autobots celebrate another victory.
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Wednesday, May 6, 2009
Treatment
Treatment depends on the exact type of cancer, where it is and how far it has spread. Your doctor will discuss your treatment options with you.
Surgery
Surgery is a common way of managing mouth cancer. The aim is to remove the cancer completely. The part of your mouth that the specialist may remove depends on where the cancer is and where it has spread. If the cancer has been found early then it may be very small. This means that it may be possible to have treatment as a day case, with no need to stay overnight in hospital. You may have a local or a general anaesthetic. If the cancer is larger and the surgery is more extensive, you will need to stay in hospital to be treated.
Radiotherapy
Radiotherapy involves using radiation to destroy the cancer cells, while trying to cause as little damage as possible to nearby healthy tissue. It's carried out using a machine to deliver a narrow beam of radiation to the affected area, or by surgically implanting small radioactive pellets next to the cancerous tissue.
Radiotherapy can have side-effects such as causing painful inflammation of the lining of your mouth. This can be painful and you may need painkillers for a few weeks until your mouth begins to heal.
You might have radiotherapy after surgery to make sure all the cancer cells have been killed off.
Chemotherapy
This involves taking medicines that disrupt the growth of cancer cells. Chemotherapy can also have side-effects such as making you feel sick or tired.
Chemotherapy is sometimes used in combination with radiotherapy. It's usually given as an intravenous injection or drip. Some drugs can be given as tablets.
You will need to visit hospital a number of times to receive your radiotherapy or chemotherapy.
Prevention
There are a number of lifestyle changes you can make to reduce your risk of mouth cancer:
- visit your dentist for regular check-ups
- look for any changes in your mouth, sore patches or ulcers that don't heal
- don't smoke
- don't chew tobacco
- drink only in moderation (up to two to three units a day for women and up to three to four units a day for men)
- eat a healthy diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables (at least five different portions per day)
- take care to protect your skin from sunlight and other UV exposure such as sunbeds - wear sunblock on your lips, stay out of the sun between 11am and 3pm and wear a wide-brimmed hat to protect your face
Causes
Causes of mouth cancer
No one knows why some people develop mouth cancer and others don't. However there are certain factors that make mouth cancer more likely. These are listed below.
- Smoking tobacco - any form of smoking can increase your risk of getting mouth cancer including cigarettes, cigars and pipes, as well as bidis or hand-rolled cigarettes containing cannabis.
- Chewing tobacco, such as betel quid, gutkha and paan - this tobacco accounts for the high level of mouth cancer found in countries such as India.
- Drinking excessive alcohol, especially at the same time as smoking or chewing tobacco.
- Having already had cancer of the head and neck - if you have already had this type of cancer, you are at risk of developing it again.
- Spending a long time in the sun or under UV light is a risk factor for lip cancer, particularly if you have pale skin.
Other possible risk factors may include:
- poor diet, lacking vitamins A, C and E and iron, selenium and zinc
- infection with some strains of the wart virus human papilloma virus (HPV), some strains of which are also linked to cancer of the vulva, cervix and vagina
Mouth cancer can also develop if you have a type of cancer called Kaposi's sarcoma, which can affect any part of the skin. Kaposi's sarcoma is associated with AIDS, a disease that weakens the immune system. It is also associated with a weakened immune system - for example if you are taking medicines to suppress the immune system after a transplant.